Robert Frost Explains Why Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors

Robert Frost examines what role fences play in shaping relationships between neighbors. Do neighbors get along better because of walls separating their properties? Frost quotes his neighbor several times as saying â€Å"good fences make good neighbors.† But the idea has several interpretations. The most obvious meaning is that walls separate people from one another and that this separation eliminates the possibilities for feuds or disappointments, or trespassing, both literally and figuratively, on a neighbor’s domain. A second possibility is that fences make for good neighbors because each year Frost must work with his neighbor to repair the fence. The joint cooperative effort means that the neighbors have a reason to get together at least†¦show more content†¦Frost views the wall as unnecessary. Frost accepts that sometimes walls are necessary. He mentions cows crossing over to neighbors’ property as an example. But Frost and his neighbor have no lives tock. They have only trees, and Frost points out that his apple trees are not going to cross the property boundary to eat the pine cones of the neighbor’s pine trees. Frost sees no need for a wall, yet he recognizes that maintaining the wall keeps the neighbor happy. In this way the unnecessary wall is necessary. Several similes are used in the poem. One is the presentation of the neighbor grasping stones in each hand â€Å"like an old-stone savage armed.† This creates a vision of a rustic and unimaginative neighbor stuck in his ideas like someone from the Stone Age. The stone-age is tied to mere survival without any beauty or imagination. The neighbor lives in such a rut. Frost uses trees as a metaphor to define himself and his neighbor: â€Å"He is all pine and I am apple orchard.† The apple orchard is productive as well as beautiful. The pine trees exist and do not produce such a beautiful fruit. Pine trees are sturdy and unimaginative, like the neighbor. The tone and feel of the poem are natural and conversational. The forty-five lines appear in an uninterrupted stanza. It appears to the eye as a wall of sorts. Each line of this blank verse poem is in iambicShow MoreRelatedFrosts Mending Wall Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frosts Mending Wall represents two opposing ideas through its dialogue between two neighbors. The narrator represents a newer way of thinking while his neighbor embodies an older mindset. In the poem the two neighbors are repairing a wall or fence that separates their property line. Although neither of the two men has anything that could cross the fence, the young man has apple trees and the old farmer has pines. The wall has been broken down by the winter that sends the frozen ground swellRead MoreRobert Frosts Mending Wall1210 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis Mending Wall, By Robert Frost In Mending Wall, Robert Frost uses a series of contrasts, to express his own conflict between tradition and creation. By describing the annual ritual of two neighbors repairing the wall between them, he contrasts both neighbors through their ideas and actions, intertwining the use of parallelism and metaphors, in order to display his own innermost conflict as a poet; the balance between what is to be said and what is to be left to the reader, the balanceRead MoreThe Mending Wall By Robert Frost Essay1695 Words   |  7 PagesRobert Frost`s poem â€Å"The Mending Wall† was first â€Å"published in 1914 by David Nutt in North of Boston† (Modern American Poetry). This poem is narrated by a New England farmer, who does not want to build a wall between the two farms. Some scholars may see this term â€Å"Wall† as a boundary line between two countries. Others can argue that this is an allegory, which depicts how neighbors as well are in the human sense, must care for and try to understand one another in spite the differences. I will argueRead MoreEssay on Robert Frost: Troubled Romantic914 Words   |  4 Pages Frost: Troubled Romantic Many authors before Robert Frost wrote through the lens of romanticism. Romantic writers offered their readers an interpretation of nature and the natural order of things as a means to comfort them when faced with lifes difficulties. They proposed that nature could serve as a model, offer direction and allow humans to transcend their human condition. Another school of writers held that humans could not transcend nature or its order, they were the anti transcendentalistsRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Mending Wall by Robert Frost2085 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of Mending Wall by Robert Frost Robert Frost was inspired to write Mending Wall after talking with one of his farming friend Napoleon Guay. He learned from talking with his neighbor that writing in the tones of real life is an important factor in his poetic form (Liu,Tam). Henry David Thoreau once stated that, â€Å"A true account of the actual is the purest poetry.† Another factor that might have played a role in inspiring Frost to write this poem was his experience of living on a farmRead MoreUnearthing The True Meaning Of Robert Frost s Mending Wall2355 Words   |  10 PagesUnearthing the true meaning of Robert Frost’s Mending Wall requires adherence to the ending adage: â€Å"Never judge a book by its cover.† This mindset prevents the apparent simplicity of the poem from misleading the reader. Considering the speaker’s lack of perception and ironic self-contradiction, the possible underestimation of his neighbor’s reasoning, and the ambiguous attitude Frost himself conveys s uggest the audience should conscientiously avoid accepting the poem at face value. Despite the alluringRead MoreEssay on Mendin Wall481 Words   |  2 Pages Walls Have Two nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Robert Frostamp;#8217;s amp;#8220;Mending Wall,; he shows a man views about a wall. The man names both pros and cons of having the wall. He also hints at how a wall might affect a particular society. The poem is a conversation between two neighbors on either side of a wall. The main speakeramp;#8217;s conversation shows his views about the purpose of the wall, and itamp;#8217;s effectiveness to either bring people together, or itamp;#8217;sRead MoreLove and Nature in the Poems of Robert Frost Essay2313 Words   |  10 Pagesmade all the difference.† (Frost 697) Robert Frost was a unique writer of the 20th century. In his poems â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† Birches Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Fire and Ice and Mending Wall Robert Frost explores the theme of nature, and the human emotion love. Robert Frost is considered a humanist and is one of the most well-known American poets. â€Å"If the United States ever adopted a national poet, chances are it would be Robert Frost. By the time Frost died in 1963 at the ageRead MoreRobert Frosts Use of Nature and Love3230 Words   |  13 Pagesdifference† (Frost 697). Robert Frost was a unique writer of the twentieth century. In his poems â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay†, â€Å"Birches†, â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†, â€Å"Fire and Ice†, â€Å"Mending Wall†, and â€Å"After Apple-picking†. Robert Frost explores the theme of nature and the human emotion love. Robert Frost is considered a humanist and is one of the most well-known American poets. Robert Frost died in 1963, at the age of eighty-eight. However his poetry is still legendary. Frost earned the PulitzerRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s Mending Wall Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since the dawn of ma nkind, humans depended on each other for support. We looked after each other and brought help to any of our neighbors. However, that sense of community barely exists as we now live in a more individualistic society, because of reasons such as the advent of technology like smartphones. We now seem to be more engaged in our own lifestyles, refusing to change from them, which leads to isolation and negligence to help others in the world. It has, sadly, become a common practice

Conflict Resolution Of South Africa - 2276 Words

1 Despite the successful transition into a democracy, a country that poorly manages conflicts is what haunts South Africa to date. It continues to defy the promotion of good governance. Often times finding difficulty for the citizens of South Africa to meaningfully express their demands and concerns without violence as a means to get attention. Violence seems to be a legacy long left behind from a country torn by apartheid. A country where violence seems to be a first resort rather than a last. To understand the structure of South Africa today one must recognize the function of it’s past. The identification of society and its conflicts must be understood to help with the development of conflict resolution. 1 Peacebuilding is about finding the root causes of conflicts and formulating strategies to stop the reformation of said conflicts. 22 years after apartheid, the effects still linger on in South Africa as peacebuilding and a reconciliation process is still incomplete. Examples of the incomplete peacebuilding and reconciliation process can be attributed to the recent xenophobic violence plaguing South Africa to date. Xenophobia is the dislike or fear of people from foreign countries. The heart of South Africa’s conflict is it’s debate with the meaning of the word â€Å"foreigner†. It is usually recognized as someone who is a non national from Africa and Asia in South Africa. People from America and Europe are not grouped as being a foreigner in the South African sense butShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Resolution Of South Africa2225 Words   |  9 Pagesthat poorly manages conflicts is what haunts South Africa to date. It continues to defy the promotion of good gov ernance. Often times finding difficulty for the citizens of South Africa to meaningfully express their demands and concerns without violence as a means to get attention. Violence seems to be a legacy long left behind from a country torn by apartheid. A country where violence seems to be a first resort rather than a last. To understand the structure of South Africa today one must recognizeRead MoreEssay about South African Investment1083 Words   |  5 PagesA South African Investment Shanquetta Dupree PHI 445 Instructor: Whitfield May 17, 2011 In your judgment, were the possible utilitarian benefits of building the Caltex plant in 1977 more important than the possible violations of moral rights and of justice that may be involved? Justify your answer fully by identifying the possible benefits and the possible violations of rights and justice that you may be associated with the building of the plant and explaining which you think are more importantRead MoreKey Players Of Space Research798 Words   |  4 PagesSpace Research in Africa South Africa South Africa can be considered the pioneer of space research in Africa. According to Dr. Peter Martinez, of the South African Council for Space Affairs, South African Astronomical Observatory was established in 1820 it used astro-photography to capture the first measurement to the nearest star. Other projects that emerged from South Africa space inquisitions were project Moonwatch which resulted in observations of satellite transits. South Africa collaborated withRead MoreMediation, Conciliation and Arbitration in Conflict Management1405 Words   |  6 PagesCONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Outline a. Introduction b. Definitions of conflict c. Conflict management d. Negotiation, Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration as in Conflict Management e. Recommendation f. Summary/Conclusion Introduction Conflict is a natural phenomenon in every human societal living. It exits whenever people or groups disagree over which goals or values to pursue and the method and timing to be adopted in that regard. Since conflict is inevitable, it must be properlyRead MoreEssay on Media Models In Everyday Life1254 Words   |  6 Pagesto initiate individuals into a way of life, and dramatize its controversies and straggles, as well as its modes of conflict resolution† (108). The movie Invictus depicts how Nelson Mandela used sports, in particular rugby, as a means to unite the nation of South Africa which was extremely segregated at the time. In the movie, Nelson Mandela was just elected president of South Africa and ended apartheid. However, the country was still separated as black vs. white, and it was Mandela’s goal to changeRead MoreInternational Criminal Court Unfair Towards African Nations Vis A Vis Western Nations? Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesIs the International Criminal Court unfair towards African Nations vis-à  -vis Western Nations? On October 12, 2016, the parliament of Burundi, a country located in the Eastern part of Africa voted to withdraw from the International Criminal Court (ICC) with a vote of 94 to 2. Weeks earlier, Gambia and South Africa announced their intention to withdraw from the ICC, and this wave of action by these three African nations has paved the way for other African nations to reassess if they wanted to stillRead MoreRestorative Justice: Reconciliation of Society, the Victim and the Offender1335 Words   |  6 Pagesa main characteristic of restorative justice- to reconcile society, the victim and the offender- but also to rehabilitate the offender so that he is no longer an â€Å"enemy† of the criminal justice system. This form of justice is gaining support in South Africa; however there are limitations to this form of justice which also in turn limit its success in the future. Restorative justice alone is definitely not a method of justice which we can adopt but it may be possib le that this form of justice can helpRead MoreThe Ju/’Hoansi of the Kalahari1675 Words   |  7 Pagestheir indigenous knowledge in the modern world, develop new ways of conflict resolution and indigenous identity. Other indigenous groups from around the world will also be compared and highlighted to the San people in order to prescribe new ways in which the San can become a fully functioning society within the global community. The Dobe area where the Ju/’hoansi traditionally occupy is a cluster of ten waterholes north and south of the Aha Hills in the northwest Kalahari Desert. About one thirdRead MoreDiamond Ethics1529 Words   |  7 PagesDiamond Ethics Blood Diamonds, also referred to as conflict diamonds, are diamonds that derive from areas controlled by forces or sections opposed to lawful and internationally recognized governments, and are used to fund military action in resistance to those governments, or in breach of the decisions of the Security Council. These radicals sell these diamonds, and the money is used to acquire weapons or to fund their military actions, and used to bribe foreign officials. Blood Diamonds are oftenRead MoreSouth Afric A Role As A Leader Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesSouth Africa plays a role as a leader come out of Africa and engaging in Africa or through whom the established powers could engage with Africa. The Mbeki administration argues that the role given to South Africa was a role South Africa took on its own. The errors in South Africa playing the role of regional power may have developed during Mandela’s phase,  due to over doing of goodwill. Thabo Mbeki’s role was to try b ring South Africa to be a regional power and this is seen in the formation of the

Life Should Be Better And Richer And Fuller - 2085 Words

â€Å"Life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, that was what writer, historian, James Truslow Adams defined the American Dream as in 1931. And it means that everyone has the same opportunity to become success in life and that if they strive for it, and if they put everything they got into something, they would have a better life. However, looks at the society today, can’t anyone dare to say that the motto is still relevant today? Unfortunately, no is the only answer. As the society continue to evolve over time, the basic core values of a human being, such as trustworthy, kindness, forgiveness, ... are continue to be replaced by materialistic ideology, hence,†¦show more content†¦In short, education is the first criteria to achieve the dream. Then, if the person has good characteristics, such as honesty, bravery, and generosity, the chances for them to shine will appear and it will be the stepping stone to launch them to succeed. In Dick’s case, after he showed his valor by rescuing a drowning kid without any hesitation and ignoring his own life, Dick was rewarded with some new clothes, a new job, and an unbelievable salary offer. And what is his response to those? â€Å"Ten dollars a week was to him a fortune, and three times as much as he had expected to obtain at first. Indeed, he would have been glad to get a place at three dollars a week. He could save up at least half of it, then he was to be advanced if he deserved it. It was indeed a bright prospect for a boy who, only a year before, could neither read nor write, and depended for a night’s lodging upon the chance hospitality of an alley way or old wagon† (Money Changes Everything, 126). Meaning that if a person willing to improve themselves, and if they stay true to who they are, they will have the chance to become successful no matter where they start at. Moreover, kindness, bravery, honesty, and modesty are much more important than any amount of money or material that anyone can attain. But looks at the society nowadays, what can be seen? No matter how hard people work, they still stuck in their own bubbles for theShow MoreRelatedThe Present Outlook Of The American Dream1191 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowed by the financially struggling citizens for years, leading them to a â€Å"richer and fuller land† until recently. This dream has now become a nightmare. To the men and women living below the poverty line, the American Dream is rarely achievable, and as time progresses, the Dream is furthering away from the grasp of the poor. This difficulty in achieving -- â€Å"a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller with opportunity for each accordi ng to ability or achievement† -- is due to oneRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow Adams1130 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the time our Founding Fathers introduced the idea of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, many individuals are now craving to achieve their idea of the American Dream. The American Dream has changed dramatically over the few centuries. During the Founding Fathers’ time, many believed the American Dream meant freedom, equality, and mutual respect. Time has changed this ideology of the American Dream, which is now seen as owning a million dollar mansion with multiple luxury cars. ThisRead MoreThe American Dream Analysis1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream was developed by James Truslow Adams in 1931, and he stated, â€Å"the American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability and achievement.† This concept is flawed in toda y’s standards as Adam’s â€Å"better and richer and fuller† life, is more focused on being successful and accepted, rather than being happy. Therefore, Adam’s â€Å"American Dream† needs to be revised to imply that success doesn’tRead MoreChasing the American Dream in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry972 Words   |  4 Pagesaspirations. Lena Younger is referred to as Mama throughout the story. The check that is coming is due to the passing of her husband. Mama suggests buying a house with the money and moving to a better part of town. Walter Lee Younger is Mama’s son. Walter is the protagonist of the play. Walter dreams of a better life for himself and his family. He hopes to someday live as equal to the wealthy white men. He would like to invest the money in business, specifically in a new liquor store venture. His wifeRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath And Huckleberry Finn Analysis819 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream is a dream in which life is fuller, better, happier and free. In the two books Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck,   each book shows the American Dream in a different way. In The Grapes of Wrath, the American Dream is shown as in illusion. That being because America is going through the Great Depression and it’s very difficul t to make a living or even have food on a plate. However, in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the AmericanRead MoreThe Increase in Crimes to Achieve the American Dream Essay673 Words   |  3 Pagesdream of a freer, better, richer, and happier life for all citizens of every rank, has now turned into a desire for quick success and financial security, regardless of the means by which people achieve it. Due to the media and changing environment of society, people are often led to commit heinous acts of criminality, such as theft or murder, in their quest to fulfill the tainted â€Å"American Dream.† The Founding Fathers once preached that the American Dream entailed the right to â€Å"Life, Liberty, and theRead MoreThe American Dream: Its Not All About Money Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagessure look happy. Historian John Tirman writes about the ideology of American exceptionalism and that â€Å"if the world is our oyster, there is no need for restrictive rules and regulations...† in his 2009 article. We have strayed from a modest way of life with our minds full of great possibilities, to a greedy and arrogant lifestyle with nothing ever being good enough and always wanting the unnecessary. The American Dream has been altered many times over. Americans have wanted more for the next generationRead MoreThe American Dream - Silas Hanegraaf1150 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream Silas Hanegraaf The American Dream has been a long time goal that everybody in America has wanted in his or her life. Though the American Dream does not have to be what another person has defined it as, but rather it is what one person wants, their personal goal or desire of what they want it to be. Having an American Dream for ones’ self is helpful, because it has people set a goal, so they can keep moving forward to achieve that dream â€Å"The American Dream affords us opportunityRead MoreThe American Dream By Ralph Ellison1465 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily with a slave background. He studied at segregate school and after he went to black college. Later he moved to New York. Being influenced by naturalism, he returned back to civilian life after World War II, and wrote his most important novel, Invisible Man. Invisible Man is set in the 1930s and tells the life journey of a nameless narrator who considers himself â€Å"invisible† to his peers. He considers his race as reason for peo ple to do not see him. African-Americans frequently portray racismRead MoreThe American Dream : Dead, Alive Or On Hold?872 Words   |  4 Pages The Dream Itself Many years ago today, the United States of America was the prime example of prosperity and opportunity. It established America with the idea that its citizens would be guaranteed life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Today, it is true that people have liberties and are free to pursue happiness. However, in recent years, in the worst recession since the Great Depression. Unemployment, growing economy inequality, and medical care have skyrocketed. Despite the odds, the American

Women Education in India with Special Reference to...

Women education in India : With special reference to advent of modern education amongst women in Assam Mrs. Anuradha Baruwa Astt. Prof. Dept. Education Jorhat Kendriya Mahavidyalaya Introduction. Education is the only device by which the contemporary society may be moulded to meet the current challenges. With women forming fifty percent of the entire population, it is essential that they match their strides with the male population. Only then can a nation advance. Keeping this in mind, many of the developing nations are allocating a quarter of their national budget to education; some of them even more. (Venkataiah, 2001)A host of problems have however kept these countries from achieving their goal. A major problem faced by most of the†¦show more content†¦During the Muslim period, the purdah system was in vogue. Consequently the girls did not go to the Madrasas like the boys, to receive education. Still, it cannot be maintained that there was total lack of female education during the Muslim period. The example of Nurjahan is testimony of the fact that arrangement for the education of ladies of the royal family was made in the palace. Some of the girls belonging to t he Royal families having an artistic inclination received education through ‘Ustads’, who went to the palace regularly to impart instructions. The daughters of the gentry were also educated individually at home. No separate arrangements were made either by the Government or by the society and hence it had a very limited scope. (Chaube Chaube, 1999). Though education is the most vital and potent instrument for individual and social development and progress, women have been kept away from it in India from the medieval period to advent of missionaries in India. It was only with the coming of the Christian Missionaries that an attempt was made to revive female education in India. By the middle of the nineteenth century, some progressive Indians and Englishmen started working for their reawakening. According to theShow MoreRelatedCulture of India9032 Words   |  37 PagesCulture of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Bharatanatyam, one of eight designated classical dance forms of India. The culture of India refers to the religions, beliefs, customs, traditions, languages, ceremonies, arts, values and the way of life in India and its people. Indias languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs differ from place to place within the country. Its culture often labeled as an amalgamation of these diverse sub-culturesRead MoreHistory of Pakistan18783 Words   |  76 PagesKHILAFAT MOVEMENT LECTURE 7- MUSLIM POLITICS IN BRITISH INDIA: 1924-1935 LECTURE 8- ALLAMA IQBAL’S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS DECEMBER 1930 LECTURE 9- MUSLIM POLITICS AND CHAUDHRY RAHMAT ALI LECTURE 10- THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES-- POLICIES TOWARDS MUSLIMS LECTURE 11- THE LAHORE RESOLUTION, 1940. LECTURE 12- MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN 1945-46 LECTURE 13- TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE, 1947 LECTURE 14- CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN BRITISH INDIA LECTURE 15- THE PROBLEMS OF THE NEW STATE LECTURERead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesmarketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of

Management Accounting Guanxi

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting for Guanxi. Answer: In the recent years, several researchers have examined traits that influence the management accounting approaches in China and variations in its market-oriented economy. In relation to Chinas management accounting approach, it has been observed that the structure of ownership like Joint Venture, etc, is the most relevant determinant for adoption level of such practice in a particular firm, while the effect of management accounting strategies is less relevant as compared to the ownership type (Tian, 2007). Further, level and size of knowledge of senior managers in China can highly affect changes in management accounting approach, and the government possesses little influence on such changes. In relation to Australasian firms, more reliance is exerted upon historical accounting statements, budgeting, and standard costing in the approach of management accounting. This depicts that Australasian firms pay higher attention to measures that are utilized for planning and controlling expenses, thereby assisting in preparing financial statements. In general, guanxi is about establishing a network of mutually advantageous relationships that can be utilized for business as well as personal purposes. Therefore, it is not very distinct than the relevance of having a powerful network while doing business in any country. Besides, in relation to Chinese business, guanxi plays a far more relevant role (So Walker, 2006). This is because, in other parts of the world, businesspersons can break a deal through formal business meetings, in China it is significant to spend some time in order to get to know about the Chinese correlatives outside the meeting room during dinner banquets or tea sessions (Goh Sullivan, 2011). Hence, it has become a medium of establishing trust, that law cannot offer for Chinese businesspersons and they can feel more comfortable doing business with companies having strong guanxi, as they can trust them easily. Guanxi can easily fit into the western ethical approach to accounting because it relates to a favor-seeking representation of a wider ideology of social networking. It can prove to be a beneficial tool while investigating the interactive sessions of a group accommodating western professionals and can assist in establishing differences in the moral constructions based on types of employment (Gao, 2006). Furthermore, various studies state that guanxi can be utilized in the examination of western attitudes towards interpersonal connections within the context of business based on commonalities betwixt western ethical approach and guanxi. However, many studies contrast this viewpoint and regard guanxi as unethical in relation to western approach to accounting. In reality, it can offer relevant benefits for all the business parties (western accounting) who identify the cultural relevance of its attempt to implement them during negotiations in business transactions (Yang, 2011). Power distance is a cultural phenomenon, which is the method that people consider the power distribution and how they even define power, are subject to each cultures biases. Whilst some cultures are happier to accept inequality, some are not. Therefore, the extent to which a low ranking person of a society expect and accept that power is unequally distributed, is called power distance (Madlock, 2012). Moreover, people with a higher power distance are more likely to align with a hierarchy wherein everyone has a place and that needs no additional justification. Although leadership styles betwixt Australia and Chinese cultures are quite different, yet both have been developing and indications of convergence are emerging. Hence, the prospect of leadership has enhanced over time and can be viewed as a holistic measure rather than dependence on cultural settings. In relation to Australian/New Zealand managers, they focus on aspects of the long-term planning of future, strategic planning, human relationships, and profit generation. Moreover, recent approaches have exerted importance on the value of respecting employees, promoting their enhancement of career, and valuing their contribution. However, Chinese managers focus on improving employees by personal development. Further, they expect to consider ethical considerations in contrast to the procurement of profit (Madlock, 2012). Other aspects of their approaches include the assumption of a role of an inspirational character, thereby leading to promote harmony, equality, and simple living with o thers and nature as a whole. References Gao, Y. Q. (2006). Building Guanxi with Government for Foreign Companies in China: A Case Study on the Application of Commitment Instrument. The Business Review, 6(2), 119-125. Goh, A Sullivan, M. (2011). The Most Misunderstood Business Concept In China, Retrieved April 11, 2017 from https://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-misunderstood-business-concept-in-china-2011-2?IR=T Madlock P. E. (2012).The influence of power distance and communication on Mexican workers.International Journal of Business Communication, 49, 169184. So, Y. L., Walker, A. (2006). Explaining Guanxi: the Chinese business network. London: Eoutledge. Tian, X. W. (2007). Managing International Business in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Yang, F. (2011). The Importance of Guanxi to Multinational Companies in China. Asian Social Science, 7(7), 163-166

Enforceability of Verbal Promises

Question: Describe about the Enforceability of Verbal Promises. Answer: A contract is, basically speaking, an embodiment of promises. Sometimes, these promises culminate into the vesting of rights and obligations to parties of the given contract. As a result, it is essential to consider when the provisions or terms of a contract can be considered enforceable. As is the standard norm, contracts are usually written. However, the law of contracts has taken into consideration the idea of cases where apparent suits have been pursued on the basis of unwritten or verbal promises or contracts. This is the basis of this treatise. The paper addressed the concept of verbal promises in contract law, the application and exclusions to the application of the parole evidence rule as well as collateral contracts. Finally, the paper will make a summative and symmetrical presentation of how the parole evidence role and collateral contracts relate to the enforceability of verbal statements. Whereas actions in Assumpsit (breach of promise) are all part of the doctrine of consideration, the same concepts have elicited tremendous and mixed reactions from various quarters on the applicability, relevance and broad discretionary privileges left open to courts. In Australian law, the doctrine of consideration is relevant in the sense that it avers certain promises are unenforceable. It is not generally uncommon to come across various parties to a potential contract making rash promises. Often, these promises are made verbally and with little or no realization as to the fact that they could be legally binding. Nonetheless, it must be stated that whereas some verbally made promises are enforceable, a number of other promises are equally unenforceable. The downside of verbal agreements and promises is that they are hard to prove. Such prove must, inter alia, be inclusive of the necessary evidence to prove the actual existence of the agreement or promises besides laying bare all the proof of the actual terms and conditions. In the absence of written or recorded evidence to prove such terms, all that will be left will be one partys word against that of the other. As a matter of recommendation, verbal contracts stand a better chance of enforcement if they are at least accompanied by some written record, chronology or even a diary. These documents lend credence to claims of the existence of a promise and the terms therein. Parole Evidence Rule The parole rule, on the other hand is a common law doctrinal appendage whose tenets thrive in the supposition that a written instrument- being and intended by parties to an agreement as the final depiction of the agreement they have reached- cannot be subjected to challenges and suits whose basic and bottom line content and evidence contradicts or fundamentally modifies the said instrument. This doctrine avers that once a written instrument has been validly sealed- as a show of credibility, it follows that the instrument is authentic and indisputably so. A number of cases, for example the Sharington v. Strottonindelibly confirms this doctrine by holding that on a scale of value and importance, a sealed document has a higher value than any other adducible evidence. In England, for example, the parole evidence rule was lauded to be an important step towards establishing legal certainty. In Contract law, on the other hand, various circles of professionals and legal practitioners have held a long standing perception that the rule has been a major contributor to endless legal confusion. This is particularly in regard to the diverging ways in which precedent holds the rule. Various court decisions do not seem to point to some particular direction in terms of uniformity in interpretation of the rule. However in Common law, as is the norm and standard in multiple common wealth jurisdictions, the parole evidence rule has be often subjected to two approaches at the time of consideration as a matter of justifying it: firstly, the parties must have been demonstrated to have wished that the instrument be their final manifestation of their intents and agreements which in simple terms renders all other previous agreements to be voidable and of unenforceable nullity- and. The parties must also depict the fact that the document is to be interpreted in such a way as to hold in honor the final understanding. Secondly, the instrument constructed between the parties as a depiction of their final understanding must be held to of a higher jurisprudential value than other pieces of evidence that may be adduced to contradict, modify or even disprove the instrument. The Australian approach to contracting as been basically objective which- on face value- advocates for a complete rejection of the consideration of the subjective intentions of the parties involved in a contract. This means, as is expounded in the Codelfa Constr. Pty. Ltd. v. State Rail Auth. of New South Wales case, that extrinsic evidence is excluded in consideration of parole evidence. In the case, certain portions of the judgment shed more light on when inclusions of evidence of surrounding circumstances were made. Mason Js decision was an emboldening of the plain meaning mode of interpreting contracts where the meaning of a contract derived from other sources would be discarded if the contracts wording was sufficiently plain. By actual adoption of the objective approach, Australian Courts have been careful not to disallow the admission of enough background information to the contract so as to be able to build or construct a reasonable scenario of contracting parties and the agreements that led to the final agreement as the original parties would. It is a kind of a simulation involving parties and the agreement which is designed to shed more light what- in actual circumstances- would be considered to be reasonable. Sometimes, the value attached to final instruments written to express the final understanding and agreement between parties may be a source of legal uncertainty- the very tenet that the instruments are designed to address. The meanings, terms and references of the document may not be easy to interpret. As a result, basing only on the document to interpret the document may prove to be time consuming and often parties will disagree on what can be implied from the document. The case of Pac. Gas Elec. Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage Rigging Coexemplifies this position. This is particularly relevant in instances where the words f the document o not necessarily convey the meaning that way originally intended by parties to an agreement. In a more relevant consideration, Australias legal system- being a derivative of the British system- embraces the application of the parole evidence rule but with exceptions. In Australia, the position is that the rule is applicable unless in instances where a claimant can substantively prove that the written instrument or document was not actually intended to embody the contract in its entirety. The case of Gordon v. McGregorIis a perfect example of a situation where a claimants persistent view was that the document- even though indisputable on the basis of its authenticity- was not actually meant to exemplify the whole contract. The bottom line is that a written document- once it is proved to have successfully met all the mandatory facets of a credible contract- cannot be allowed to be varied, edited or modified in the matter of its terms. It shall stand as a clear indication and the most fundamental piece of evidence of the intents of the parties. It is construed to mean that it holds the ideal terms understanding and positions of the parties to the contract and as a result, varying or modifying the document will be considered to be injurious to the parties final understanding. Conversely, as is the trend in England, Australian Courts have maintained a significant basis for exceptions to the application of the parole evidence rule- albeit with appreciable variations. For instance, whenever the terms of the agreement were considered doubtful, it followed subsequently that the Court would consider the ulterior motives of the contractual parties. This is a significant shift from the English exclusion to the rule where such consideration of the contractual parties behaviors wouldnt be considered- in the absolute sense. This position was given attention in the case of Codelfa Constr. Pty. Ltd. v. State Rail Auth. of New South Walesand was further augmented by the high court in the case Royal Botanic Gardens Domain Trust v. South Sydney City Council. It was held that the rule would subject to exclusions where the written document was constructed with ambiguity or worse still, where the documents interpretation would be subject to more than a single meaning. In Australia, the ratification of the CISG heralded an era of further debacles in relation to the application and interpretation of the parole rule. Partiular grounds for incompatibility in application of the rule were laid. A sample case in point to illustrate this point is the South Sydney District Rugby League v. News Ltd. Case where the implied meanings of the terms in the written document that were basically premised on the presumed intents of the parties to the contract were discussed. Nevertheless, as in the norm in Australia, courts will normally consider not only the words of a written contract, but also consider the intended meaning of the contract terms and the corresponding legal significance and or effect. The consideration, in this context- would entail a detailed review of what the contract says. This is considered on the basis of individual words which later culminate into deciphering the entire wording of the document so as to lay bare the contents, terms and conditions of the contract. As is evident from precedent, courts are- sometimes- forced to look at the evidence that regards the surrounding circumstance of the contract as a way of reaching a conclusive, relevant and credible decision as to the exact rendering of the contractual terms and obligations. The evidence, in this sense, of the surrounding will often be used to reach decisions on the exact intents, purpose and origin of the contract. There is a raging debate, at this point, on when courts can revert to the use of evidence of the surrounding circumstances so as to aid the interpretation of contracts. This, of course, does not in any way accord disproportionate weight to contractual negotiations and agreements prior to the formulation and formulation of the actual contract as a final understanding. The idea is that where a written instrument can independently be interpreted, such interpretation must not be subject to other interpretations derived from other sources. Those other sources begin to only emerge on the ladder of significance when it can be proved that indeed the primary document is shrouded with ambiguity, haziness of terms or even outright incoherence of the terms of the contract. Collateral Contracts Collateral contracts are those contracts whose consideration is the actual entry in another entirely different contract and therefore exists on a side-by side basis. The contract may exist between one party to the main contract and another third party. For instance is a third party pays a party to some contract so as to make entry and reflect the payment in the main contract, it qualifies to be a collateral contract. In the Barry v Davies t/as Heathcote Ball Cocase, for example, it was held the relationship between an auctioneer and some other buyer was primarily collateral in nature. In some cases, however, a collateral contract may exist between parties of the same contract (main contract), insofar as the content and terms of the collateral contract do not contradict- in any way- the contents of the main contract. This provision is, however, hard to prove especially if one cannot adequately and reasonable prove that the collateral contract was agreed on prior to the completion and finalization o f the main contract. It must be grasped that a given collateral contract that significantly varies and or supplements the key provisions of a main contract ought to be supported by an independent and separate consideration so as to make it strand on its own as a contract. This also ensures that is enforceable in law. Relating the Doctrine of Parole Evidence Rule and Collateral Contracts to the Enforceability of Verbal Promises As has been examined in this discourse, parole evidence rule is chiefly concerned with giving preeminence to written instruments over verbal ones. This means, in the light of the suppositions of the rule of parole, verbal statements are inadmissible. This, however, is subject to exceptions. Where the contents and terms of a contract are vague and ambiguous, it is within the discretionary privilege of courts to consider evidence of the surrounding circumstances. At this point, it is arguable to state that verbal promises can then be considered. Again, these verbal promises must be weighed on a scale of relevance so as to ensure that the promises meet the pre determined criterion of constructing and indeed construing a contract. On the other hand, collateral contracts (which may be verbal) must be supported with some credible and separate consideration. This qualifies it to be considered as a separate contract. When considered thus, it will be hopeful and helpful for the potential quest for remedies that would actually b denied when considered in the context of a main contract. So collateral contracts are an alternative that accords enormous opportunities for court remedies and reprieve for aggrieved parties- something that wouldnt be so in main contracts. References Arthur L Corbin, Corbin on Contracts (2nd ed, 1960) 465. 59 Arthur L Corbin, The Parol Evidence Rule (1944) 53 Yale Law Journal 603, 6078 Barry v Davies t/as Heathcote Ball Co[2001] 1 All ER 944; [2000] 1 WLR 1962). Codelfa Constr. Pty. Ltd. v. State Rail Auth. of New South Wales (1982) 149 C.L.R. 337 Gabriel A. Moens, Lisa Cohn Darren Peacock, Australia, in A NEW APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS (M.J. Bonell ed., 1999). According to Section 66A of the Trade Practices Act 1974, the CIGs preeminence over the provisions of the Trade Practices Act is established. Gordon v. McGregor (1909) 8 C.L.R . 316. J J Savage Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney(1970) 119 CLR 435 Mercantile Bank of Sydney v. Taylor (1891) 12 L.R. (N.S.W.) 252,262, aft'd, [1893] A.C. 317. Pacific Gas Electric Co v GW Thomas Drayage Rigging Co, 69 Cal 2d 33 (Cal, 1968) (Traynor J). Prenn v Simmonds [1971] 3 All ER 237, 239241, Susan J Martin-Davidson, Yes, Judge Kozinski, There Is a Parol Evidence Rule in California: The Lessons of a Pyrrhic Victory (1995) 25 Southwestern University Law Review 1. 78 Codelfa (1982) 149 CLR 337, 351 Sharington v. Strotton, (1565) 75 Eng. Rep. 454 (K.B.) Shore v. Wilson, (1842) 8 Eng. Rep. 450. Royal Botanic Gardens Domain Trust v. South Sydney City Council (2002) 186 A.L.R. 289, 293) The Parol Evidence Rule: Is It Necessary?, 44 N.Y.U. L. REv. 972, 972 (1969) Tony Cole, Scalia and the Institutional Approach to Law (2003) 34 University of Toledo Law Review 559. Trident Center v Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, 847 F 2d 564 (9th Cir, 1988). Val D Ricks The Sophisticated Doctrine of Consideration (2000) 9 GMLR 99 at 102.Val D Ricks The Sophisticated Doctrine of Consideration (2000) 9 GMLR 99 at 102. Sharington v. Strotton, (1565) 75 Eng. Rep. 454 (K.B.) Shore v. Wilson, (1842) 8 Eng. Rep. 450. The Parol Evidence Rule: Is It Necessary?, 44 N.Y.U. L. REv. 972, 972 (1969) Tony Cole, Scalia and the Institutional Approach to Law (2003) 34 University of Toledo Law Review 559. Pac. Gas Elec. Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage Rigging Co., 442 P.2d 641, 644 (Cal. 196 Gordon v. McGregor (1909) 8 C.L.R . 316.